Big data analysis in evolutionary biology

For gradually collected data on organisms, animals or bacteria, scholars begin to gain an exceptional understanding of the underlying consequences of these databases in biology. For example, the most recent studies on genetics have created 3.2 terabytes genome sequence of sixty dogs from various altitudes. Various researchers collect human exomes in a significant analysis utilizing next-generation sequencing technologies. All these studies indicate that extensive biological data have become an integral part of scientific research and discovery. Without massive biological data, the biological observations are simply inconceivable. There is no question that rapid growth of biological information implies excellent potential opportunities; nevertheless, innovative data management, research and usability initiatives need to be developed. 

Big Data typically have similar characteristics to the 4vs of enormous information, in specific at the molecular scale. Hypothesis guided experiments remain crucial to significant biological data extraction. The big biological information is exceptionally heterogeneous; however, there are underlying frameworks within the data which are defined by different biological values and experimental designs. Thanks to its 4V property, comparisons and similarities between certain things including DNA, proteins as well as pathways are supposed to be established over the whole extensive data instead of causal links.

Nevertheless, biological research always has to learn how biological components shape complex biological structures and have a push or trigger interaction. Several studies show that current underlying mechanisms established by different biological concepts and experimental designs have supported biological data miners with ways of defining causal relationships between biological molecules in broad organic samples. 

The "hypothesis-driven analysis" is a gateway to massive biological data collection

IT can significantly cut the time of data extraction and use of computing resources. The researchers must use some reasonable assumptions to guide their large-scale biological data extraction in the efficiency of 4-V solutions. They noticed that very discrete outputs are produced by evaluating specific data on genetic expression with different algorithms, that is, small overlaps and significant false positives. There is no certainty that a mere statistical model can address the problem as a consequence of the considerable variability of evidence regarding gene expression.

Efforts have been made in the recent past to offer techniques to bypass the limitations of mere statistical methods as well as a general study of gene expression. When a set of genes are conserve fully expressed together emerge from some biological processes, they are most definitely closely connected to exogenous and pathologic processes. This framework is based on a different biological hypothesis. The data mining method must be transformed to identify the clusters of genes with substantially cooperative and protective properties throughout the phase of cancer development as per the theory.

Essential role of algorithm in the large bio-data generation

Four key features relevant to biology systems: 

- Complexity–the whole biological framework is higher than the finished product; 

- Network –the biological process is the phenotypic form of the biological grid

.The essence of substantial biological information can be summed up as follows: 

- Hierarchy–details are produced by molecules, cells, tissue to structures at different levels; 

- Large and diverse–data is created from various methods ranging from biology, anatomy, pathology to image processing; 

- Complexity–data can be concurrently collected in several information types. 

There is no question that the interaction analysis is just too abstract to fulfil the needs of researchers. The goal is to expose the motivation or causal connection between biological components which can be utilized to decode bio-process and diseases like leukaemia, diabetes and Parkinson's disease. The biggest challenge of large data mining is whether to shift from correlation to causality studies. In these respect computer systems, biology provides a new direction for system-wide research and could be a critical factor in such a switch in a significant data era.

With consideration of the complexity of massive biological data, work with biomedical science needs to some degree to adjust the direction it is done in the age of big data, such as from independent scientific discovery to more collaborative analysis on a systematic, structured and pipeline basis. There, the principal problems might be the design of interoperable repositories, rendering accessible platforms for the scientific community, establishing engineering centres, building resources and infrastructure. For example, and cloud computing to support a wide range of science, defining norms, and terms for massive biological data, developing new technologies and software, and accessing them.

Such problems can be approached more technically, and practical analysis will be focused on a well-built trial system supporting a systematic, structured data processing framework.

Significant data remedy is a robust and complex network 

The simple study of its components widely recognizes a complicated living system. The relationship between such elements to composition and behaviour ultimately determines the phenotypes as well as responses of organisms. In the biology of mathematical structures, networking and stability are two main aspects. However, the most mainstream analysis concentrates instead of the essential life processes and networks within living cells, on the standardized and mathematical attributes of big data. A disease is typically an issue not triggered by a breakdown of the molecules, but by the failure of the mechanism or network involved which may be viewed as a series of interactions between molecules.

Therefore networks are robust structures of biomarkers to classify complicated diseases efficiently rather than individual molecules. The Big Data era offers excellent possibilities for medicine that contributes to large-scale data science, predictive, customized and participatory.

Studying the network and relationships of biological components will catch previously unrecognized characteristics both at the system and compound rates rather than at the elements itself. As a consequence, both scientific and therapeutic requirements are required and, because of the emergence of Big Data. In particular, of big-dimensional data, biomarkers have grown in the forms of related molecules to several molecules, connected molecules, and complex molecules. Recent research shows that non-differentially expressed genes that are generally ignored by standard approaches can be as useful as distinct genes in the detection of specific sample biological circumstances or phenotypes. 

An innovative biomarker, DNB, was recently created by using sophisticated knowledge from Big Data. DNB can recognize pre-disease conditions before or after diseases that may effectively prevent further progression of the disease. In other terms, this particular type of biomarkers will enable early detection of a "pre-disease" condition, a term introduced in high definition data.

Author: Frank Taylor